14 results
189 - Influenza
- from Part XXIII - Specific organisms: viruses
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- By Ramin Sedaghat Herati, University of Pennsylvania, Harvey M. Friedman, University of Pennsylvania
- Edited by David Schlossberg, Temple University, Philadelphia
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- Book:
- Clinical Infectious Disease
- Published online:
- 05 April 2015
- Print publication:
- 23 April 2015, pp 1205-1210
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Summary
Influenza infections have caused significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded human history. Each year, seasonal influenza is estimated to cause around 500 000 excess deaths worldwide. At least 32 pandemics have occurred since 1580 in addition to the seasonal waves of influenza infection. In 1918, a particularly severe pandemic, dubbed the “Spanish flu,” led to the rapid spread of influenza and resulted in at least 20 million deaths worldwide. Recently, the possibility of a worldwide pandemic due to pathogenic avian influenza viruses has become of great concern. Significant resources worldwide have been dedicated to the detection and containment of influenza outbreaks and the development of response plans to influenza epidemics at international, national, and local levels.
Influenza viral structure
Influenza viruses are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae, which include the genera Influenzavirus types A, B, and C. Influenza tends to be spherical and 80 to 120 nm in diameter. Influenza A and B viruses cause the majority of human infections with influenza, whereas influenza C virus causes only sporadic upper respiratory infections. Influenza A viruses can cause infections in birds as well as humans, swine, and other mammals.
Influenza virus has an envelope composed of a lipid bilayer, with a layer of matrix protein on the inner surface and spike-like surface projections of glycoproteins on the outer surface. These glycoproteins include hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.
18 - My Forty Years on His Shoulders
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- By Harvey M. Friedman, University, Columbus
- Edited by Matthias Baaz, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, Christos H. Papadimitriou, University of California, Berkeley, Hilary W. Putnam, Harvard University, Massachusetts, Dana S. Scott, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, Charles L. Harper, Jr
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- Book:
- Kurt Gödel and the Foundations of Mathematics
- Published online:
- 07 September 2011
- Print publication:
- 06 June 2011, pp 399-432
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Summary
Gödel's legacy is still very much in evidence. His legacy is overwhelming, particularly in the arena of general mathematical and philosophical inquiry.
The extent of Gödel's impact in the more restricted domain of mathematical practice, however, is more open to question. In fact, Macintyre provides an in-depth assessment of this impact in Chapter 1 of this volume. However, even in this comparatively specialized domain, Gödel's impact is seen to be substantial. As discussed in this chapter, particularly in Section 18.11, I believe that the potential impact of Gödel's work on mathematical practice is also extensive. Although the full realization of this potential impact will have to wait for some new breakthroughs, I have every confidence that these breakthroughs will materialize.
Generally speaking, current mathematical practice has now become very far removed from general mathematical and philosophical inquiry, where Gödel's legacy is most obviously decisive. However, there are signs that some of our most distinguished mathematicians recognize the need for some sort of reconciliation: “Mathematicians took the role of philosophers, but I want to bring the philosophers back in. I hope someday we will be able to explain mathematics in a philosophical way using philosophical methods” (Atiyah, 2008a, 2008b).
I will not attempt to exhaustively discuss the full impact of Gödel's work and all of the ongoing important research programs that it suggests, as this would require a book-length manuscript.
6 - Concept Calculus: Much Better Than
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- By Harvey M. Friedman, The Ohio State University, United States
- Edited by Michael Heller, W. Hugh Woodin, University of California, Berkeley
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- Book:
- Infinity
- Published online:
- 07 June 2011
- Print publication:
- 07 February 2011, pp 130-164
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Summary
My contribution to this volume is the initial publication in concept calculus. This is the term I used to describe a new development that seeks to connect two structures that are normally thought to have little or no connection.
On the one hand, there is ordinary commonsense thinking. Generally speaking, ordinary commonsense thinking is rather unstructured and has little in the way of the careful exactness that drives science.
Nevertheless, philosophers have long been committed to taking many aspects of ordinary commonsense thinking at face value and to searching and analyzing fundamental principles. For instance, consider the development of ordinary language philosophy (see, e.g., http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy).
On the other hand, there is mathematical thinking. Here there has been a tremendously successful and productive development in laying out and analyzing fundamental principles.
Several different approaches apply to the analysis of ordinary mathematical thinking. The most well known and well studied of these are in terms of set theory. Others include class theory and category theory.
It has been established that all of these different approaches to the analysis of ordinary mathematical thinking result in foundational systems that are, in an appropriate and precise sense, equivalent. In other words, each one can be interpreted in all of the others.
In concept calculus, we seek foundational systems for commonsense concepts, as opposed to mathematical concepts. The fundamental principles that are uncovered are plausible or compelling to varying extents. We are feeling our way in identifying fundamental principles, at this very early stage.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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The inevitability of logical strength: Strict reverse mathematics
- Edited by S. Barry Cooper, University of Leeds, Herman Geuvers, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Anand Pillay, University of Leeds, Jouko Väänänen
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- Book:
- Logic Colloquium 2006
- Published online:
- 28 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 07 September 2009, pp 135-183
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Summary
Abstract. An extreme kind of logic skeptic claims that “the present formal systems used for the foundations of mathematics are artificially strong, thereby causing unnecessary headaches such as the Gödel incompleteness phenomena”. The skeptic continues by claiming that “logician's systems always contain overly general assertions, and/or assertions about overly general notions, that are not used in any significant way in normal mathematics. For example, induction for all statements, or even all statements of certain restricted forms, is far too general – mathematicians only use induction for natural statements that actually arise. If logicians would tailor their formal systems to conform to the naturalness of normal mathematics, then various logical difficulties would disappear, and the story of the foundations of mathematics would look radically different than it does today. In particular, it should be possible to give a convincing model of actual mathematical practice that can be proved to be free of contradiction using methods that lie within what Hilbert had in mind in connection with his program”. Here we present some specific results in the direction of refuting this point of view, and introduce the Strict Reverse Mathematics (SRM) program. See Corollary 11.12.
Many sorted free logic, completeness. We present a flexible form of many sorted free logic, which is essentially the same as the one we found presented in [Fe95], Section 3. In [Fe95], Feferman credits this form of many sorted free logic to [Pl68, Fe75, Fe79], and [Be85, page 97–99].
We prefer to use many sorted free logic rather than ordinary logic, because we are particularly interested in the naturalness of our axioms, and want to avoid any cumbersome or ad hoc features.
187 - Influenza
- from Part XXIII - Specific Organisms – Viruses
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- By Leanne Gasink, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Neil Fishman, Hospital of the University of Pennsylanvia, Harvey M. Friedman, University of Pennsylvania
- Edited by David Schlossberg
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- Book:
- Clinical Infectious Disease
- Published online:
- 05 March 2013
- Print publication:
- 12 May 2008, pp 1289-1294
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Summary
Influenza is an important epidemic viral infection that has caused significant morbidity and mortality throughout history. The first worldwide pandemic was documented in 1580, and 31 pandemics have been described since then. The most severe occurred in 1918–1919, when at least 20 million deaths were recorded worldwide, including approximately 550 000 in the United States. The last pandemic was in 1968, but milder epidemics continue to occur every 1 to 3 years. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) document 10 000 to 40 000 excess deaths in the United States during most epidemics. Recently, the possibility of a worldwide pandemic due to a highly pathogenic avian influenza has become of great concern. Significant resources worldwide have been dedicated to the detection and containment of avian influenza outbreaks and the development of response plans to influenza epidemics at international, national, and local levels.
INFLUENZA VIRAL STRUCTURE AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Influenza viruses are medium-sized enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the family Orthomyxoviridae. Three genera, influenza virus types A, B, and C, have been described. Influenza A and B viruses are important causes of human disease, whereas influenza C virus causes only sporadic upper respiratory infections.
63 - Subversion of innate and adaptive immunity: immune evasion from antibody and complement
- from Part V - Subversion of adaptive immunity
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- By Lauren M. Hook, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA, Harvey M. Friedman, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
- Edited by Ann Arvin, Stanford University, California, Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume, Università degli Studi, Bologna, Italy, Edward Mocarski, Emory University, Atlanta, Patrick S. Moore, University of Pittsburgh, Bernard Roizman, University of Chicago, Richard Whitley, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Koichi Yamanishi, University of Osaka, Japan
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- Book:
- Human Herpesviruses
- Published online:
- 24 December 2009
- Print publication:
- 16 August 2007, pp 1137-1150
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Summary
Many herpesviruses encode immune evasion molecules that interfere with activities mediated by antibody and complement, suggesting the importance of antibody and complement in host defense against herpes infections. How does this observation reconcile with the clinical findings that severe infections develop mostly in subjects with T-cell deficiencies, such as transplant recipients or those with advanced HIV infection? An explanation that we favor is that T-cells assume a pivotal role in host defense partly because herpesviruses are very effective at limiting the activities of antibody and complement. Support for this hypothesis comes from experimental studies using mutant HSV-1 strains defective in antibody and complement immune evasion that demonstrate a marked increased in effectiveness of antibody and complement in host defense against the mutant viruses (Lubinski et al., 2002).
Newborns lack mature T-cell repertoires and generally have low serum complement levels; therefore, observations in human newborns provide opportunities to assess the contributions of antibodies independent of T-cells and perhaps complement in host defense against herpesviruses. The severity of HSV and CMV infection in the fetus and newborn are greatly reduced when the infection in the mother is recurrent rather than primary. In recurrent infection, antibodies pass transplacentally to the fetus and protect against the infection. Passive transfer of VZV antibodies from mother to fetus protects the newborn from severe chickenpox when exposed days to weeks after delivery.
Metamathematics of comparability
- Edited by Stephen G. Simpson, Pennsylvania State University
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- Book:
- Reverse Mathematics 2001
- Published online:
- 31 March 2017
- Print publication:
- 02 March 2005, pp 201-218
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Maximal nonfinitely generated subalgebras
- Edited by Stephen G. Simpson, Pennsylvania State University
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- Book:
- Reverse Mathematics 2001
- Published online:
- 31 March 2017
- Print publication:
- 02 March 2005, pp 189-200
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Selection for Borel relations
- from ARTICLES
- Edited by Matthias Baaz, Technische Universität Wien, Austria, Sy-David Friedman, Jan Krajíček, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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- Book:
- Logic Colloquium '01
- Published online:
- 31 March 2017
- Print publication:
- 02 March 2005, pp 151-169
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Internal finite tree embeddings
- from PART I - PROOF THEORETIC ANALYSIS
- Edited by Wilfried Sieg, Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania, Richard Sommer, Stanford University, California, Carolyn Talcott, Stanford University, California
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- Book:
- Reflections on the Foundations of Mathematics
- Published online:
- 31 March 2017
- Print publication:
- 02 March 2002, pp 60-91
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Does Mathematics Need New Axioms?
- Solomon Feferman, Harvey M. Friedman, Penelope Maddy, John R. Steel
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Symbolic Logic / Volume 6 / Issue 4 / December 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 January 2014, pp. 401-446
- Print publication:
- December 2000
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Does mathematics need new axioms? was the second of three plenary panel discussions held at the ASL annual meeting, ASL 2000, in Urbana-Champaign, in June, 2000. Each panelist in turn presented brief opening remarks, followed by a second round for responding to what the others had said; the session concluded with a lively discussion from the floor. The four articles collected here represent reworked and expanded versions of the first two parts of those proceedings, presented in the same order as the speakers appeared at the original panel discussion: Solomon Feferman (pp. 401–413), Penelope Maddy (pp. 413–422), John Steel (pp. 422–433), and Harvey Friedman (pp. 434–446). The work of each author is printed separately, with separate references, but the portions consisting of comments on and replies to others are clearly marked.
On the quantificational logic of intuitionistic set theory
- Harvey M. Friedman, Andrej Ščedrov
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- Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society / Volume 99 / Issue 1 / January 1986
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- 24 October 2008, pp. 5-10
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- January 1986
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Formal propositional logic describing the laws of constructive (intuitionistic) reasoning was first proposed in 1930 by Heyting. It is obtained from classical pro-positional calculus by deleting the Law of Excluded Middle, and it is usually referred to as Heyting's (intuitionistic) propositional calculus ([9], §§23, 19) (we write HPP in short). Formal logic involving predicates and quantifiers based on HPP is called Heyting's (intuitionistic) predicate calculus ([9], §§31, 19) (we write HPR in short).
Borel sets and hyperdegrees1
- Harvey M. Friedman
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Symbolic Logic / Volume 38 / Issue 3 / September 1973
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- 12 March 2014, pp. 405-409
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- September 1973
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This paper is concerned with the hyderdegrees of elements of uncountable Borel subsets of ωω. The Borel subsets of ωω are the so-called Δ11 subsets of ωω, which are the subsets of ωω that are Δ11 in some parameter f: ω → ω.
The results of this paper were inspired by two earlier results about the hyperdegrees of elements of Σ11 subsets of ωω. The first is known as the Gandy basis theorem, and asserts that the collection of functions of strictly lower hyperdegree than the hyperjump form a basis for the Σ11 subsets of ωω (see Rogers [3, p. 421]). The second is that there exists an uncountable Σ11 subset of ωω no element of which is hyperarithmetic in any other. The latter is credited to Feferman in Harrison [1], and appears there as Corollary 2.7, p. 537.
Two questions arise. Can we find other basis theorems if we replace Σ11 by Δ11 in Gandy's result? Can we replace Σ11 by Δ11 in Feferman's result?
We simultaneously answer the first positively, and the second negatively by proving that any hyperdegree, in which the hyperjump is hyperarithmetic, forms a basis for the Δ11 subsets of ωω with no hyperarithmetic elements. We conjecture that this holds also for uncountable Δ11 subsets of ωω. This conjecture is open despite the recent claim in Notices of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 19 (1972), p. A616, Abstract 696-02-10.